Animated Tutorials

• Bacterial Spore Formation
• Active Transport by Group Translocation
• Anaerobe Culture
• Electron Transport System and Formation of ATP
• Bidirectional DNA Replication
• DNA Replication Fork
• Mutation by Base Substitution
• Addition and Deletion Mutations
• Thymine Dimers Formation and Repair
• mRNA Synthesis
• Protein Synthesis
• Regulatory Proteins Regulation by Repression
• The Lac Operon
• Bacterial Transformation
• Transduction
• Conjugation: Transfer of the F Plasmid
• Conjugation: Transfer of Chromosomal DNA
• Transposons: Shifting Segments of the Genome
• Rolling Circle Mechanisms of Replication
• Cloning a Gene
• Construction of a Plasmid Vector
• cDNA
• DNA Probe (DNA hybridization)
• Southern Blot
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Sanger Sequencing
• Microarrays
• Steps in Replication of T4 Phage in Escherichia coli
• Lamda Phage Replication Cycle
• Specialized Transduction
• Entry of Virus into Host Cell
• Mechanism for Releasing Enveloped Viruses
• Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus
• Activation of Complement
• Antiviral Activity of Interferon
• Phagocytosis
• Complement Fixation Test
• Cytotoxic T Cell Activity against Target Cells
• Antibody Diversity
• Monoclonal Antibody Production
• Superantigens
• Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
• T Cell-Dependent Antigens
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-Mediated (Type I) Hypersensitivity
• Cytotoxic (Type II) Hypersensitivity
• Immune Complex (Type III) Hypersensitivity
• Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivity
• A-B Exotoxins (Diphtheria Exotoxin)
• HIV Replication
• Replication of a Positive-Sense Strand of Lytic RNA Phage